Eulalia! A Mossflower Memory

Eulalia! A Mossflower Memory This is a guest post from Troy L. Wiggins. Troy is from Memphis, Tennessee. He was raised on a steady diet of comic books, fantasy fiction, and role-playing games. His short fiction and essays have appeared or are forthcoming in Griots: Sisters of the Spear, Long Hidden: Speculative Fiction From the Margins of History, The Mash-Up Americans, The Afrikana Review, Literary Orphans, and Memphis Noir. He currently resides in Memphis with his wife and their tiny expuptriate. Follow him on Twitter  @TroyLWiggins. ____________________ The end of my eighth-grade year was marked by two things: June’s hateful summer sun, and afternoon rides on buses that whined and belched like Jurassic sauropods. I despised those buses, with their emissions and squeals and oddly stained plastic seats. They would rumble down one of my hometown’s major streets, stopping just enough times for rowdy groups of middle and high schoolers who frequented the back of the bus to get too loud and catch shouted admonishments from the elders who sat at the front. I could usually be found lurking around the rowdy group, a “good kid” with a decent GPA who played along because it was better to be at the edge than to cross that thin line to outsider status. I had always loved books, though I could never find time to read them on the bus. My parents’ mantle was covered with prizes I had been awarded for my reading prowess. But those same parents, who knew that a young black man spending his time reading books with sword-bearing white people on the cover wasn’t always the most direct path to academic success, had steered my literary consumption in more practical directions. One of my classmates had been engrossed in a book that reminded me of my forbidden reading loves, only instead of white people on the cover, there were mice. His face never left its pagesto the detriment of his math studies. Seeing his enjoyment, I decided to ask him if I could borrow the book for a few days. The closer he got to the end, the more apprehensive I became. Here is where fate first intervenes: The day we found ourselves in detention together (because of missed math homework) was the very day he finished the book. I gave my ask and he told me, with the air of a child who gets everything that he wants and thus doesn’t care about anything in particular, that I could have the book because it was old anyway. That was my introduction to Brian Jacques’ Mossflower, and I went into his hero creature filled world with glee in my heart. I crossed the thin line that day. Unable to deal with the volume at the back of the bus, I moved to the front. Someone made a Rosa Parks joke, but everyone else seemed unbothered. What frightened me next was getting off at the transfer, where all of the toughest and most frightening reform school kids would hang out. Mossflower, however, was more compelling. Would Martin and Gonff escape Tsarmina’s clutches? Was Fortunata a sorceress? I kept reading because I had to know. There was a bench at the transfer, stained with the sins of high school children. I sat there, book in hand, barrelling through the eventual prison break, and followed along as a group of woodland creatures fomented a revolution. I was completely engrossed despite my teenage fears. At least, until fate decided to interrupt me once again. The girl that sat down next to me smelled like Now and Laters and hair products. Her school uniform was in a state of disarray, and her lips were plump with gloss. Two friends flanked her, equally stunning with their braids, jewelry, and candy scents. I prayed that they couldn’t hear my teeth chattering. “What you reading?” the ringleader asked, genuinely interested. She made popping noises with her gum because she could. “A book,” I replied (Stupid!), holding it up so that she could see the cover. She studied it for a moment. In the background, her friends were engaged in a discussion about which of the boys currently crossing the street was the most handsome. “That’s a weird looking book,” she said. My heart dropped to my feet, either because she had deemed my book strange or because she disapproved of me as a cluster of breathing cells. “What’s it about?” “It’s like an adventure story,” I said, somewhat surprised that I was able to form sentences. “This mouse gets locked up in a dungeon by an evil queen. The queen’s a wildcat. He and his friend break out of jail, and there’s probably going to be a big fight where they break the other folks out of the dungeon too, and save the woodlands.” “For real? My cousin is in jail. I wish somebody would break him out.” She looked at me for a moment, and I tried not to melt into a puddle of proteins. “I just came over here to see what you was reading. You looked like it was real good. If I see you after you finish your book, can I borrow it?” “You can have it,” I promised her. She smiled at me, then went to join her friends, sliding on her tough mask and punching one of the handsome boys in the arm. I never saw her again. But every so often, I think on the effect of this moment on the trajectory of my life, and consider reaching out to those who reassured me when I was most afraid of belonging. Before I do, though, I catch myself, and realize that even though the events were important, discovering a book that I loved is what mattered most. Instead of stalking them across social network profiles, I choose to send the two of them silent thanksin whatever strange way one thanks their memories.   ____________________ Book Riot Live is coming! Join us for a two-day event full of books, authors, and an all around good time. Its the convention for book lovers that weve always wanted to attend. So we are doing it ourselves.

Glacier and Citrus College Chapter Essay - 4631 Words

ESCI 118 – Physical Geography Citrus College Chapter 17 – Solution Processes and Karst Topography 1. How does carbonic acid form? It forms when water and carbon dioxide combine and react. 2. What is meant by dissolution? Dissolution is the action of being dissolved. 3. What kinds of rock are most susceptible to solution processes? Why? Limestone and dolomite are most susceptible to solution processes because the water, which is slightly acidic, reacts with rock and dissolves the co2 gas carrying away or dissolving some of the sediment. 4. How does the underground structure of the bedrock influence the dissolution process? Bedrock that is made of carbonate is more†¦show more content†¦In an arid land, there is less precipitation than the potential evaporation which is not the case in humid regions. 2. What is meant by an impermeable surface and how does such a surface influence the results of rainfall in a desert? An impermeable surface cannot be penetrated by any element. Such a surface will not allow rain to percolate into the desert soil leaving no plants with root systems able to survive unless specifically adapted to the climate. 3. What is a basin of interior drainage? The land is uplifted crust blocks that form parallel ranges but surface water doesn’t run to the ocean. Instead, it evaporates over time leaving a salt flat. 4. What is the difference between an ephemeral stream and an exotic stream in a desert? An ephemeral stream is a stream that only exists during rainfall. Exotic streams come from an origin outside of the desert. 5. Although there is very little rainfall in deserts, running water is still the most important process of erosion and deposition in arid environments. Describe and explain at least two special conditions in deserts that tend to increase the likelihood of fluvial erosion whenever it does rain. Any rainfall increases fluvial erosion. When rain does fall, this creates ephemeral streams causing water erosion due to fast forces of water. Flash floods are possible as well creating even more erosion. 6.

Should The First Amendment Right Be Protected At All Times

In the Denver Posts editorial Putting up with Hate, the first amendment right of Americans is seriously discussed. A case over funeral protesting reached the Supreme Court. The issue was that a church group traveled to a funeral of a deceased soldier to protest it. The reasons were not because of the soldiers individual actions but because he had served in the army. This sparked the debate on whether this group should be allowed to do what they did. The dispute was whether the first amendment should be protected at all times even when it is a difficult price to pay. The Supreme Court ruled that the first amendment right will be protected at all times. The argument against that was if the speech caused sorrow, it should be ruled illegal. The Supreme Court stated that if they were to stifle the speech of the protesters that it would spark public debate on many other things. The Denver Post also states that the Supreme Court ruled that the protestors obeyed police laws which is staying at least 1,000 feet away from feet from the sight of the funeral. The Denver Post stands behind the decisions of the Supreme Court to keep the rights of American Citizens protected. Although they used words to describe the activities in a negative way, they still proceeded to support to the Supreme Court. Toward the end of the editorial, the Denver Post states that they liked the way the community had come together to protest the protesters. The community chose to create a barrier of peopleShow MoreRelatedFlag Desecration Synthesis Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesThat Flag Should Not Be Protected The United States is known for being ‘land of the free’, a nation with a Declaration of Independence, as well, as a Constitution protecting the rights of it’s citizens. Wars have been fought and many people have died so we could have the rights that present today. 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The Kitty Kat Lounge, Inc. and Glen Theatre, Inc stated the nude dancing in the establishments was not public indecency but self-expression. The court found the nude dancing in the Kitty Kat Lounge, Inc. and Glen Theatre, Inc was not expressive and therefore not protected by the First Amendment. The Court of Appeals reversed and said nude dancing performed for entertainment is protected expression. Facts: The Kitty Kat Lounge, Inc.Read MoreIs Cyber Bullying Ruins Self Esteem?1531 Words   |  7 PagesAn unknown female student at an unknown high school wakes up terrified from a nightmare. The student’s nightmare was being bullied by fellow students. The female student went to school the same day. Her day was rough. All day she walked around with rumors. Whenever students walked passed her in the hallway, they laughed and snickered. The student was cross and puzzled, why were fellow students snickering when she walked down the hallway? The student logged on to her Facebook only to discover theRead MoreOur Nation Is Not Bounded By The Race Or Religion Of An Individual1019 Words   |  5 PagesWe as people should know our rights in order to protect us from any violations against our will, knowing your rights will help avoid other doing wrong by you. There are responsibilities that citizens of the United States follow, for examples paying taxes, voting, and obeying the law. The power of the United States come from the citizens in the United States, so it very important for people to understand their civic duties and responsibilities. Fundamental Rights and Ordinary Rights are two differentRead More The Bill of Rights Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bill of Rights After the Revolution, the States adopted their own constitutions, many of which contained a Bill of Rights. The Americans still faced the challenge of creating a central government for their new nation. In 1777 the Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781. Under the Articles, the states retained their â€Å"sovereignty, freedom and independence,† while the national government was kept weak and inferior. Over the next few years itRead MoreFree Speech And Hate Speech1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe first couple of weeks in this semester we discussed a lot in class about the power of language. One of the main thing we talked about is what the difference between hate and free speech is, and what the first amendment does to control them both. The first amendment states that congress shall make no law that abridges the freedom of speech. But to what extent should language be protected? The rights of one man should reach until they shadow over another’s. Meaning free speech is protected until

SPSS Computer Project Free Essays

Blue Marketing research is conducting an experiment with the patients of the Midwest University Medical Hospital. The goal of this experiment is to find out if the residents of Midwest University Medical Hospital are happy with their service, and to judge whether or not the current state of customer service is affecting the amount of residents that reside at the hospital. The experiment will consist of a survey questionnaire administered to a random assortment of patients within the hospital. We will write a custom essay sample on SPSS Computer Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now The patients will be questioned about the overall quality of the hospital, the intention to return and see the same doctor, the intention to recommend friends and family, the intention to compliment management, the intention to complain about service, the intention to seek other health care services, and the intention to not use any provider. The respondents were asked to rate the likelihood of each future behavior based on a 1-7 scale, 1 being â€Å"would not†, 7 being â€Å"definitely would†. A summary of the data collected is show below. Windows 7 Check Your Understanding iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/windows-7-check-your-understanding/embed/#?secret=LDdQdn9TId" data-secret="LDdQdn9TId" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Windows 7 Check Your Understanding#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe From this summary of data we are able to make recommendations for the hospital to improve quality and service. Summary of Findings Overall quality is rated as poor. Most people intend to return to the same doctor. Most people intend to recommend this hospital to family and friends and few will complain to them. Many people intend to complain to management, but few to hospital management. Very few intend to complain to local medical society. Very few intend to seek similar care elsewhere. Few intend not to use any provider. About half discussed their visit, afterwards. Most aspects of perceived service were about neutral. There was an outlier in the perceived service section: the customers were clearly unhappy with the operating hours. Difference between male and female responses After collecting all of the surveys, we have found that both men and women rate the overall quality about the same. Both men and women are likely to return, and recommend family and friends. We found that women are more likely to compliment management, men complain to hospital management, and men were more likely to complain to hospital management. Women are more likely to seek help elsewhere, and men are more likely to use to healthcare at all. Both genders thought that the facilities were appealing, and women thought that the equipment was up to date more than men. Women felt that the employees were better dressed, more than men. Women rated the in keeping with service better than men, along with promise and do it. More women thought that the provider was sympathetic, and men were more likely to believe that the hospital was dependable. Men were happier with the time in which services were held compared to the time they were promised, and women were happier with the way records were kept. Men were more likely to be satisfied with when the service was provided, were also more likely to expect prompt service, and also were more likely to believe that employees were helpful. Men were more likely to select that employees were too busy, both groups believed that they could trust employee’s, and both groups felt safe. More women thought that employees were polite, and that they had organizational support. More women believed that they had individual attention compared to men, and also believed that employee’s knew their needs. Women thought that the doctors had their best interest at heart compared to women, and women thought that the operating hours were acceptable, while men did not. Recommendations The data from this study shows several opportunities for improvement in the quality of the service they provide. The overall quality of the hospital was rated very low. This is a major opportunity for improvement. This is a broad general view of the hospital by the patients this should improve as all of the smaller issues get improved. Intent to complain to management- There is room for improvement in almost all of the perceived service areas. The appealing facilities question was about neutral. Improving the appearance of the facility and making sure it is constantly clan would improvement customer perceptions of the quality of the hospital. Maybe it’s time to do some renovations. The respondents were about neutral to equipment being up to date. This isn’t that bad, but it would still be good to have newer equipment and would raise this section. How to cite SPSS Computer Project, Papers

SEO Checklist How to Supercharge Your Blog Posts for Search Visibility

Do you ever wonder if you could get better Google rankings without spending most of your time building links? Did you know that Google uses numerous high-impact ranking signals based on your content? This SEO checklist will show you how to effortlessly optimize your blog posts for better search visibility.For the last couple of years, Google has been actively working on its RankBrain algorithm. Its quite literally a ranking brain. The algorithm takes into account signals such as user intent, time spent on a page, and whether your pages are loading quick enough. How to use this SEO checklist?This article will give you a clear understanding of how to write better blog posts. You dont need to commit to the entire checklist either. Look for areas that you might be lacking in, and apply the said tips appropriately. The results will speak for themselves!Lets get to it.Full SEO checklist in 2019Heres your full checklistâÅ"… 1. Perform meticulous keyword researchKeywords are the bread and butter for the entire SEO game. And rest assured, the traditional way of using keywords is no longer sufficient. Big keywords with an enormous monthly search volume have been oversaturated for years.But its not all bad.There are two new keyword branches you ought to use in your content:Long-tail. In-depth keywords which extend upon a singular idea. E.g. NFL Players (short-tail) vs NFL Players who live in California (long-tail).User intent. Why is a user searching for something? And how does your content answer their query?In case you are not sure what long-tail keywords are, here is a straightforward illustration to decipher the meaning:I liken it to answering basic questions.First and foremost, you have one big general topic. And afterward, you add different sub-branches that support the topic. Those branches, in this case, are long-tail keywords. And most keyword research tools tend to provide this functionality by default. As an added bonus, this can also help you with voice sea rch SEO.If you dont know where to start, look into Ubersuggest and Answer The Public. You can put in your primary keyword, and get an output of many different long-tail suggestions.The best part is that those suggestions are based on actual live traffic data.Last but not least, when it comes to working with this SEO checklist keywords will almost always dictate the depth and quality of your content.âÅ"… 2. Monitor your competitionTheres a saying among bloggers, If youre going to steal it, make sure you improve it.. In other words, theres nothing wrong with monitoring your competitors.Take any phrase or keyword youre trying to rank for. Now, run a simple Google search.See how the top results are.When analyzing the top results, ask yourself, What is this page doing differently compared to mine?. You can check for word length, heading allocation, and any other unique content elements.The goal is not to become an identical copy. Your goal is to create content thats simply better. Th eres a reason your competitors are ranking highly and youre not. Fix that.âÅ"… 3. Spend time creating engaging headlinesYour blog post title is arguably the most important SEO element. Its what prefaces your entire post, but its also what users look at before they click on your search result.If the content title is confusing, or god-forbid clickbaity, then you risk attracting the wrong audience.This is an example of an effective headline. It has both a keyword and an actionable phrase that tells you what the post is going to be about.Here is a checklist of things you will want to check before deciding on a final headline:Does it include modifiers: How to, Why does.., Tips, etc.Are you using a keyword inside the title?Does the title explain what the post is about clearly?Using a plugin like Yoast SEO for WordPress, you can effectively minimize the amount of time it takes for you to come up with good meta tags.Additionally, the Headline Analyzer from CoSchedule is another great too l to check the validity of your headlines.Likewise, whenever you analyze your content against this SEO checklist focus on making the headline as reflective of the content itself.For more tips, check out our posts on how to write headlines and how to create catchy blog post titles.âÅ"… 4. Maximize time-on-page with video, etc.Some SEOs call this dwell time. Basically, Google is expanding its ranking factors to include things like time spent on-page.For example, a user is searching for almond cake recipe, and sees that there are multiple results for the same recipe.Now, the user starts to click on search results to visit the listed site. At this point, Google is triggering its on-page algorithm to see whether the user stays on that page or leaves it immediately.Google uses dwell time — which we cant measure, but is proportional to user engagement metrics like bounce rate, time on site, and conversion rates — to validate click-through rates. These metrics help Google figure out whether users ultimately got what they were looking for. Larry KimIf the majority of users leave the page shortly after clicking on it (usually through the Back button), then its a clear indicator that the content does not live up to its expectations.Source: WordStreamSo, how to tackle this and encourage people to spend more time on your posts?Two things:Clearly defined and pleasant design.Additional multi-media: videos, images, infographics, etc.You can apply a simple color psychology principle to accentuate the most important content. But most importantly, use multi-media content to provide both value and retain users on the page.âÅ"… 5. Create content hubs to boost internal postsWhat are content hubs? Essentially, a content hub is where you house an organized library of your content.If youre a WordPress user, youll know that promoting your other blog posts isnt always easy.You can rely on internal linking, and related posts are also helpful. But more often than not, a lot of your posts never see the light of the day after the initial hype is over.Brian Dean from Backlinko is using Content Hubs to categorize his entire blog. This makes it easy for readers to find the exact content they need, whenever they need it.To create a Content Hub, you will need to create a new landing page on your site. Thankfully, the new WordPress block editor  makes this an extremely fast process.Next, you need to gather up all your blog posts on one specific topic. In the example shown above, the topic is SEO Fundamentals.You can introduce the topic, and then provide links to your outgoing blog posts. You can even create additional pages and branch out your content even more.The goal is to make it as accessible as possible for your readers. Afterward, you can link out to your Content Hub from any page or post. Including your sites navigation.âÅ"… 6. Optimize your site speedAre you curious as to why an SEO checklist would recommend site speed as a factor? The thi ng isGoogle loves site speed like bears love their sleep. The faster your website, the more consistently Google is going to reward your content.Out of the box, these are the things you ought to focus on the most:Image optimization.  Use a plugin such as Optimole to automatically resize and compress your images. You can get up to 70-80% reduction in file size without comprising photo quality.Resource management. Focus on fonts, scripts, and plugins that dont impose too many external requests. Whenever you can, focus on hosting things locally.Lightweight themes.  Dont let the fancy features fool you! Creative themes often use a ton of JavaScript, which is known to hinder site speed exponentially.If you want to learn more about site speed, check out  Colins article on website speed optimization for 2019.ConclusionIf there is one thing you need to remember from this SEO checklist, its this: Work hard on making your content as diverse as possible.Find out how you can add even more value to your content without having to write a new blog post.Dont underestimate the fruit of your labor either. Consistent effort always returns a favorable result.Here is a summary of what we learned:Long-tail keywords can be used to write content for a specific audience.Competitor analysis provides additional details on the types of content that ranks the best.Headlines are what lures readers in, make them count.Use design and multi-rich media to maximize time on-page.Categorize all your content using Content Hubs.Site speed leads to better rankings. Use this six-step #SEO checklist to help your website rank at the top of Google 🠥‡ Click To Tweet Do you have any questions about implementing these SEO principles on your website? Ask away in the comments!Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips.

Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War

Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War The Battle of Balaclava was fought October 25, 1854, during the Crimean War (1853-1856) and was part of the larger Siege of Sevastopol. Having landed at Kalamita Bay in September, the Allied army had commenced a slow advance on Sevastopol. When the Allies elected to lay siege to the city rather than mount a direct assault, the British found themselves responsible for defending the eastern approaches to the area including the key port of Balaclava. Lacking sufficient men for this task, they soon came under attack from Prince Aleksandr Menshikovs forces. Advancing under the command of General Pavel Liprandi, the Russians were initially able to push back British and Ottoman forces near Balaclava. This advance was finally halted by a small infantry force and the Heavy Brigade of the Cavalry Division. The battle ended with the famed charge of the Light Brigade which came about due to a series of misinterpreted orders. Fast Facts: Battle of Balaclava Conflict: Crimean War (1853-1856)Dates: October 25, 1854Armies Commanders:AlliesLord Raglan20,000 British, 7,000 French, 1,000 OttomanRussiansGeneral Pavel Liprandi25,000 men78 gunsCasualties:Allies: 615 killed and woundedRussia: 627 killed and wounded Background On September 5, 1854, the combined British and French fleets departed the Ottoman port of Varna (in present-day Bulgaria) and moved towards the Crimean Peninsula. Nine days later, Allied forces began landing on the beaches of Kalamita Bay approximately 33 miles north of the port of Sevastopol. Over the next several days, 62,600 men and 137 guns came ashore. As this force commenced its march south,  Prince Aleksandr Menshikov sought to halt the enemy at the Alma River. Meeting  at the Battle of the Alma on September 20, the Allies won a victory over the Russians and continued their advance south towards Sevastopol. Field Marshal Fitzroy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan. Library of Congress Though the British commander, Lord Raglan, favored a swift pursuit of the beaten enemy, his French counterpart, Marshal Jacques St. Arnaud, preferred a more sedate pace (Map). Slowly moving south, their tardy progress gave Menshikov time to prepare defenses and re-form his beaten army. Passing inland of Sevastopol, the Allies sought to approach the city from the south as naval intelligence suggested the defenses in this area were weaker than those in the north. This move was endorsed by noted engineer Lieutenant General John Fox Burgoyne, son of General John Burgoyne, who was serving as an advisor to Raglan. Enduring a difficult march, Raglan and St. Arnaud elected to lay siege rather than directly assault the city. Though unpopular with their subordinates, this decision saw work begin on siege lines. To support their operations, the French established a base on the west coast at Kamiesh, while the British took Balaclava in the south. The Allies Establish Themselves By occupying Balaclava, Raglan committed the British to defending the Allies right flank, a mission that he lacked the men to accomplish effectively. Located outside of the main Allied lines, work began on providing Balaclava with its own defensive network. To the north of the city were heights which descended into the South Valley. Along the northern edge of the valley were the Causeway Heights across which ran the Woronzoff Road which provided a vital link to the siege operations at Sevastopol. To protect the road, Turkish troops began building a series of redoubts beginning with Redoubt No. 1 in the east on Canroberts Hill. Above the heights was the North Valley which was bounded by the Fedioukine Hills to the north and the Sapounà © Heights to the west. To defend this area, Raglan had only Lord Lucans Cavalry Division, which was camped at the western end of the valleys, the 93rd Highlanders, and a contingent of Royal Marines. In the weeks since Alma, Russian reserves had reached the Crimea and Menshikov began planning a strike against the Allies. The Russians Rebound Having evacuated his army east as the Allies approached, Menshikov entrusted the defense of Sevastopol to Admirals Vladimir Kornilov and Pavel Nakhimov. A savvy move, this allowed the Russian general to continue maneuvering against the enemy while also receiving reinforcements. Gathering around 25,000 men, Menshikov instructed General Pavel Liprandi to move to strike Balaclava from the east. Capturing the village of Chorgun on October 18, Liprandi was able to reconnoiter the Balaclava defenses. Developing his plan of attack, the Russian commander intended for a column to take Kamara in the east, while another attacked the eastern end of Causeway Heights and nearby Canroberts Hill. These assaults were to be supported by Lieutenant General Ivan Ryzhovs cavalry while a column under Major General Zhabokritsky moved onto the Fedioukine Heights. Commencing his attack early on October 25, Liprandis forces were able to take Kamara and overwhelmed the defenders of Redoubt No. 1 on Canroberts Hill. Pressing forward, they succeeded in taking Redoubts Nos. 2, 3, and 4, while inflicting heavy losses on their Turkish defenders. Witnessing the battle from his headquarters on the Sapounà © Heights, Raglan ordered the 1st and 4th Divisions to leave the lines at Sevastopol to aid the 4,500 defenders at Balaclava. General Franà §ois Canrobert, commanding the French army, also sent reinforcements including the Chasseurs dAfrique. Clash of the Cavalry Seeking to exploit his success, Liprandi ordered forward Ryzhovs cavalry. Advancing across the North Valley with between 2,000 to 3,000 men, Ryzhov crested the Causeway Heights before spotting Brigadier General James Scarletts Heavy (Cavalry) Brigade moving across his front. He also saw the Allied infantry position, consisting of the 93rd Highlands and the remnants of the Turkish units, in front of the village of Kadikoi. Detaching 400 men of the Ingermanland Hussars, Ryzhov ordered them to clear the infantry. The Thin Red Line, oil on canvas, by Robert Gibb, 1881. National War Museum of Scotland Riding down, the hussars were met with a furious defense by the Thin Red Line of the 93rd. Turning the enemy back after a few volleys, the Highlanders held their ground. Scarlett, spotting Ryzhovs main force on his left, wheeled his horsemen and attacked. Halting his troops, Ryzhov met the British charge and worked to envelop them with his larger numbers. In a furious fight, Scarletts men were able to drive back the Russians, forcing them to retreat back over the heights and up the North Valley (Map). Charge of the Heavy Cavalry Brigade at Balaclava. Library of Congress Confusion Retreating across the front of the Light Brigade, its commander, Lord Cardigan, did not attack as he believed his orders from Lucan required him to hold his position. As a result, a golden opportunity was missed. Ryzhovs men halted at the east end of the valley and reformed behind a battery of eight guns. Though his cavalry had been repulsed, Liprandi had infantry and artillery on the eastern part of the Causeway Heights as well as Zhabokritskys men and guns on the Fedioukine Hills. Desiring to retake the initiative, Raglan issued Lucan a confusing order to attack on two fronts with infantry support. As the infantry had not arrived, Raglan did not advance but did deploy the Light Brigade to cover the North Valley, while the Heavy Brigade protected the South Valley. Increasingly impatient at Lucans lack of activity, Raglan dictated another vague order instructing the cavalry to attack around 10:45 AM. Delivered by hot-headed Captain Louis Nolan, Lucan was confused by Raglans order. Growing angry, Nolan insolently stated that Raglan desired an attack and began indiscriminately pointing up the North Valley towards Ryzhovs guns rather than to the Causeway Heights. Angered by Nolans behavior, Lucan sent him away rather than question him further. Charge of the Light Brigade Riding to Cardigan, Lucan indicated that Raglan desired him to attack up the valley. Cardigan questioned the order as there were artillery and enemy forces on three sides of the line of advance. To this Lucan replied, But Lord Raglan will have it. We have no choice but to obey. Mounting up, the Light Brigade moved off down the valley as Raglan, able to see the Russian positions, watched in horror. Charging forward, the Light Brigade was hammered by the Russian artillery losing nearly half its strength before it reached Ryzhovs guns. Charge of the Light Cavalry Brigade at Balaclava. Public Domain Following to their left, the Chasseurs dAfrique swept along Fedioukine Hills driving off the Russians, while the Heavy Brigade moved in their wake until Lucan halted them to avoid taking more losses. Battling around the guns, the Light Brigade drove off some of the Russian cavalry, but was compelled to retreat when they realized that no support was forthcoming. Nearly surrounded, the survivors fought their back up the valley while under fire from the heights. The losses incurred in the charge prevented any additional action by the Allies for the rest of the day. Aftermath The Battle of Balaclava saw the Allies suffer 615 killed, wounded, and captured, while the Russians lost 627. Prior to the charge, the Light Brigade possessed a mounted strength of 673 men. This was reduced to 195 after the battle, with 247 killed and wounded and the loss of 475 horses. Short on men, Raglan could not risk further assaults on the heights and they remained in Russian hands. Though not the complete victory that Liprandi had hoped for, the battle severely restricted Allied movement to and from Sevastopol. The fighting also saw the Russians assume a position closer to the Allied lines. In November, Prince Menshikov would use this advanced location to launch another attack that resulted in the Battle of Inkerman. This saw the Allies win a key victory that effectively broke the fighting spirit of the Russian army and put 24 of the 50 battalions engaged out of action.

American History Timeline 1675-1700

American History Timeline 1675-1700 Between 1675 and 1700, the British colonies on the eastern coast of the North American continent to evolve. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania changed from being a proprietary colony to a royal one and then back to a proprietary colony, and North Carolina was designated. Here are the key events that occurred between these years.   1675 June 20: King Philips War begins when King Philip (1638–1676, and also known as Metacomet) leads a coalition of his Wampanoag Indians with their allies the Pocumtuc and Narragansett on a raid against the colonial settlement of Swansea. September 9: The New England Confederation declares war on King Philip and each colony is required to provide men for a combined force. September 12: King Philip achieves a decisive victory against the forces of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and their Nipmuc allies at Bloody Brook. 1676 February: The Mohawk launch a surprise assault against Metacomet, a turning point in King Philips War. March: King Philips War continues as Metacoms forces attack Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Providence, Rhode Island. June: Nathaniel Bacon assembles a group of 500 men leading them to Jamestown in what comes to be known as Bacons Rebellion.  Virginia planters agree to support Nathaniel Bacon. June 12: The colonists with the Mohegan Indians defeat King Philips men at Hadley. July: Nathaniel Bacon, the instigator of Bacons Rebellion or the Virginia Rebellion (1674–1676), is declared a traitor and arrested but quickly freed by his men. He is later pardoned after he admits his guilt. July 30: Bacon writes the Declaration of the People of Virginia, criticizing the governors administration of levying unfair taxes, appointing friends to high places, and failing to protect settlers from attack. August 22: King Philips War ends in the English colonies when the Indians surrender and leaders Metacomet and Anawan are killed. Conflict continues in the northern theater (Maine and Acadia) September 19: Bacons forces capture and then burn Jamestown to the ground. October 18: Nathaniel Bacon dies of a fever. The rebel army surrenders when promised amnesty. 1677 January: Virginia Governor Berkeley executes 23 of the rebels from Bacons Rebellion in direct defiance of the crown. He is later replaced by Colonel Jeffreys as the head of Virginia. September 14: Increase Mather publishes The Troubles That Have Happened in New England. 1678 April 12: With the Treaty of Casco, King Philips War is formally brought to an end. Winter: The French (Rene Robert Cavalier, Sieur de la Salle, and Father Louis Hennepin) visit Niagara Falls while exploring Canada. The falls were first reported by a westerner (Samuel de Champlain) in 1604. 1679 The Province of New Hampshire is created out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony by royal degree of British King Charles II. 1680 January: John Cutt takes office as the president of New Hampshire and ending Massachusetts governance. 1681 March 4: William Penn receives a royal charter from Charles II to set up Pennsylvania, to pay off debts owed to Penns father. 1682 April: Frenchman Sieur de la Salle claims the land at the mouth of the Mississippi for France and calls the territory La Louisiane (Louisiana) in honor of his king Louis XIV. May 5: William Penn publishes Frame of Government of Pennsylvania that provides for a precursor of a bicameral government. August 24: The Duke of York awards William Penn a deed to the lands that make up Delaware. 1684 October: Frustrated by the unwillingness of the Massachusetts Bay Colony to revise its charter to weaken the power of the church, Charles II revokes its royal charter. During the Second Anglo-Dutch War, Charles II gives the Province of New Netherland to his brother, the Duke of York. 1685 February: Charles II dies and his brother the Duke of York becomes King James II. March: Increase Mather is named Acting President of Harvard College. 23 April: James II renames New Netherland to New York and makes it a royal province. 22 October: King Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes that gave the Huguenots to practice their religion, and afterward, the number of French Huguenot settlers in America increases. 1686 King James II creates the Dominion of New England, a mega-colony covering all of New England and combining the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth Colony, Connecticut Colony, the Province of New Hampshire and the Colony of Rhode Island and Plymouth Plantations- New Jersey and New York would be added in 1688. James names Sir Edmund Andros as governor general. 1687 William Penn publishes The Excellent Privilege of Liberty and Property. 1688 The extremely unpopular Governor of the Dominion of New England, Edmund Andros, places the militia of New England under his direct control. April: Governor Andros plunders the home and village of Jean-Vincent dAbbadie de Saint-Castine (1652–1707), a French military officer and Abenaki chief, considered the start of King Williams War, an outgrowth of Europes Nine Years War between the English and French. April 18: The earliest known antislavery tract Petition Against Slavery is released in the colonies by the Quakers at Germantown, Pennsylvania. November: The Glorious Revolution occurs in which King James II (Catholic) flees to France and is replaced by William and Mary of Orange (Protestant). 1689 February: The English Parliament presents the English Bill of Rights to William and Mary. April 11: William and Mary of Orange are officially named King and Queen of England. April 18: A popular rising of a well-organized mob of provincial militia and citizens forms in the town of Boston and arrest dominion officials in the Boston Revolt. April 18: Governor Andros surrenders to colonial rebels and is put in jail. New England colonies begin re-instituting their own governments after Governor Andros is removed from power. May 24: The Toleration Act of 1688 is passed by Parliament which gives limited Freedom of Religion to all British citizens. December 16: The English Bill of Rights receives the royal assent by William and Mary and goes into law. It limits monarch powers and sets out the right of Parliament, and the rights of individuals. 1690 King Williams War continues in North America when the combined forces of the French and the Indians attack towns in New York, Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. 1691 William Penn makes Delaware a separate government from Pennsylvania. Maryland is declared a royal province, removing Lord Baltimore from political power. October 7: William III and Mary II establish the Province of Massachusetts Bay, including all Massachusetts Bay Colony, all of Plymouth Colony and part of the Province of New York. 1692 William III suspends William Penns proprietary charter for Pennsylvania, making it a royal province. February: Salem Witchcraft trials begin with the trial and conviction of a slave woman named Tituba: 20 persons will be executed before the trials end. Increase Mather is named President of Harvard. 1693 February 8: William III and Mary II of England sign a charter creating the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. The Carolinas win the right to initiate legislation in the British House of Commons. Twenty Cherokee chiefs visit Charles Town in Carolina, with an offer of friendship and help with their troubles with other tribes who had carried off some of their kinsmen. Governor Philip Ludwell agreed to help but said the kidnapped Cherokees were already in Spanish hands. 1694 August 15: Colonists from Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, New Jersey, and New York sign a peace treaty with the Iroquois to keep them from allying with the French in the future. Pennsylvania is once again named a Proprietary Colony when William Penn gets his charter back. 28 December: After Mary dies, William III takes sole rule over England. 1696 The Navigation Acts of 1696 are passed by Parliament that limits all colonial trade to English-built vessels, among other things. 1697 September 20: The Treaty of Ryswick ends King  Williams War and restores all colonial possessions to pre-war ownership. 1699 July: Pirate Captain Kidd is captured and sent to England eight months later, where he will be executed in 1701. The Wool Act, one of the Acts of Trade and Navigation, is passed by Parliament to protect the British wool industry. It forbids the export of wool from the American colonies. 1700 Massachusetts, who had banned Catholic priests first in 1647, passed another law requiring all Roman Catholic priests to leave the colony within three months or be arrested. Boston is the largest city in the American colonies and the overall population of the colonies numbers around 275,000. Sources and Further Reading Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M., ed. The Almanac of American History. Greenwich CT: Barnes Nobles Books, 1993.Shi, David E., and George Brown Tindall. America: A Narrative History, Tenth Edition. New York: W. W. Norton, 2016.Turner, Frederic Jackson, and Allan G. Bogue. The Frontier in American History. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 2010 (originally published 1920)